— An in-depth understanding of the microstructure and properties of the ore is essential before beneficiation can take place. Characterization of the embeddedness of the main minerals in the ferromanganese ores in Fig. 2 shows that there is a homogeneous phenomenon of ferromanganese. The ore is dominated by one of the metal minerals …

 — Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts and nodules are marine sedimentary mineral deposits, composed mostly of iron and manganese oxides. They precipitate very slowly from seawater, or for nodules also from deep-sea sediment pore waters, recording the chemical signature of these source waters as they grow. Additional elements incorporate …

 — Redox-sensitive metallic elements, Mn and Fe, are oxidized in deep sea waters and form abundant ferromanganese crusts and nodules on the world's ocean floors at ultraslow rates of growth.

 — Ferromanganese crusts and nodules are important submarine mineral resources that contain various metal elements with significant economic value. In this study, polymetallic crusts and nodules obtained from the South China Sea (SCS) were determined by using X-ray power diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), Fourier transform …

 — To achieve a comprehensive understanding of these issues, the objects also include other deep-sea mineral resources potentially related to the genesis of the nodules, such as ferromanganese crust or subseafloor sedimentary materials, including mircomanganese nodules and rare-earth-element-rich mud.

 — In this study, we employ multiple X-ray techniques including micro–X-ray fluorescence, bulk and micro–X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction to probe the structural, compositional, …

 — Deep-sea ferromanganese minerals (manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts) are abundant in Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, and other metal resources, which are critical …

 — Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts and nodules are marine sedimentary mineral deposits, composed mostly of iron and manganese oxides. They precipitate very slowly …

 — Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules. Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules or manganese nodules accumulate on the sea floor only in areas of low sedimentation rate and form extremely slowly, with a growth rate of 2-15 mm/million year, which is one of the slowest known geological processes [].These marine sedimentary rocks form in the …

 — The Rio Grande Rise (RGR) is a large elevation in the Atlantic Ocean and known to host potential mineral resources of ferromanganese crusts (Fe–Mn), but no investigation into their general characteristics have been made in detail. Here, we investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition, growth rates and ages of …

 — The morphology and the mineral and chemical composition (48 elements) of ferromanganese crusts from the northern part of the Emperor Ridge (Detroit, Hanzei, Suizei guyots), the Amlia, Rat, and Stalemate Fracture Zones in the northwest of the Pacific Plate, as well as submarine volcanoes of the Kuril and Aleutian Island arcs were studied. The …

 — Consistent with intergrowth between Mn and Fe minerals, the "botryoidal" material includes several percent of other transition metals such as Cu, Ni, Co and Zn, which are known to be associated primarily with Mn oxide minerals in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts (Halbach and Puteanus, 1984, Koschinsky and Halbach, 1995, …

 — Mineral composition of ferromanganese nodules. Numerous studies have shown that the mineral composition of FMNs is similar to that of the surrounding soil (Sidhu et al., 1977; Manceau et al., 2003; Bakker and Tokashiki, 2011; Szymanski et al., 2014).

 — Iron and manganese both are important ferrous metals, and they usually need to be extracted separately for better usage. Ferromanganese ore from the Yunnan Province of China was investigated by subjecting it to reduction roasting, leaching, magnetic separation, hydrometallurgical separation process, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron …

 — Geochemical and molecular characteristics of ferromanganese deposits and surrounding sediments in the Mariana Trench: An Implication for the geochemical Mn cycle in sedimentary environments of the trench zone ... Such mineral composition suggests that volcanic ashes and products of their alteration form a significant fraction of the sediments ...

The useful properties of manganese were first identified in the mineral pyrolusite, which was used by the ancient Egyptians and Romans to control the color of glass. ... Ferromanganese was first produced on an industrial scale in 1841 in France for use in crucible steels, and by 1850 spiegeleisen (an alloy of 20% manganese and iron) had …

 — The outer crust of ferromanganese nodules is usually composed of ferromanganese minerals. Fe and Mn are essential metal elements. Ni and Cu are also significant elements in ferromanganese nodules, since they generally exist in ferromanganese minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution and coexist with Fe and …

 — Ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts are chemical sedimentary rocks composed predominantly of iron and manganese oxide minerals. These deposits grow on the flanks and summits of seamounts and other …

 — Their mineral phases consist of todorokite, buserite, and birnessite, along with a small quantity of detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar, serpentine, kaolinite, and illite). Their elemental composition is rich in Ni and Mn compared to ferromanganese oxide deposits from other locations in the Chukchi Sea.

 — Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules (also known as manganese nodules) are composed of iron and manganese oxides that accrete around a nucleus on the vast abyssal plains of the global ocean 1,2,3,4,5,6

Manganese processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Manganese (Mn) is a hard, silvery white metal with a melting point of 1,244 °C (2,271 °F). Ordinarily too brittle to be of structural value itself, it is an essential agent in steelmaking, in …

 — Bacterial participation in the formation of ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) mineral deposits is highly debated, as the precipitation of metals could occur by both chemical and biologically mediated mechanisms. Besides, the enrichment of trace metals like Co and Ni in Fe-Mn deposits is further complicated by the aging process of the crust, scavenging …

 — Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts (hereafter termed Fe-Mn crusts) consist predominantly of seawater-derived ferruginous vernadite (δMnO 2) and X-ray …

1.10.1.2 Ferromanganese. Manganese ferroalloys consist of various grades of ferromanganese and silicomanganese. High-carbon ferromanganese, generally with …

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Co-rich Fe-Mn crusts occur throughout the Pacific on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments at least intermittently for millions of years. Crusts precipitate out of cold ambient sea water onto hard-rock substrates forming pavements up to 250 mm thick. Crusts are important as a potential resource for …

 — Ferromanganese minerals are widely distributed in subseafloor sediments and on the seafloor in oceanic abyssal plains. Assessing their input, formation and preservation is important for...

 — Abstract The results of experimental studies of the sorption properties of ferromanganese crusts on the Kocebu Guyot relative to rare-earth metal (REM) cations are presented. It is established that the crusts are a natural, highly selective sorbent of REM cations. The REM cations are adsorbed on ore minerals (Fe-vernadite, vernadite, Mn …

 — The results suggest that the ferromanganese oxide minerals are probably stable at all depths in normal seawater as tiny (1–2 μm) coccoid-like oxide particles, which are deposited on any hard objects at 6 km water depths and form a patina and crusts at a rate of μm per 1000 years (Usui et al. 2020), finally forming a complicated submicron ...

Ferromanganese is a type of manganese ferroalloy that is produced directly from manganese ores through smelting processes. It has a manganese content ranging from 74 to 82% and a carbon content of 7 to 7.5%. ... Acidophilic bacteria such as A. thiooxidans and A. ferrooxidans during growth in the presence of minerals generate reducing agents ...