— Coal has been a valuable natural resource for Mexico not just for its relative abundance but for its critical role in the development of the steel and energy industries. It has been also important in the socioeconomic context of the northeast of the country.

According to data from the Economic Census 2019, 65 economic units were totaled in Coal Mining, highlighting Coahuila de Zaragoza (54), Sonora (6), and Baja California (1). Total gross production was $10.6B MX.

 — The results showed that based on market prices coal mining generated 10–14 times more benefits than grazing and up to 3000 more benefits than nature conservation. De Valck et al. (2021) stated that once accounted for externalities, the net present value of coal mining becomes negative, while grazing and nature conservation remain positive.

 — The economic landscape for coal mining has changed dramatically in the past two decades. • We use exogenous instruments for coal mining to control for unobserved endogeneity. • We investigate coal mining's impact on a wide range of local economic indicators. • The effects of coal mining on local communities are complex and nuanced. •

Although the coal industry of Mexico is relatively small with 15 million tonnes of coal mined per year, the coal mines of northern Mexico are notoriously gassy and these three mines are among the gassiest. Recent estimates by Mexican experts suggest that combined emissions from the mines total 208. million cubic meters (m

coal mines by both Mexican interests and foreign mining companies. • Mexico has committed to reducing GHG emissions by 22 percent and coal by 51 percent by 2030 (IEA, 2016).

 — In December 2019, the average daily salary in Mexico was MX$378.13 (US$19.01), while in mining it was MX$526.7 (US$26.50), which is 39 percent higher. Furthermore, mining supports the development of other economic activities, such as construction, transportation and trade.

 — Mining is economically important for Mexico, accounting for 4% of exports. However, new mining reforms instituted under President AMLO and his party threaten future investment and growth of the mining sector, especially impacting junior …

Evolution of coal final consumption by sector in Mexico since 2000. Mexico's population is expected to grow to more than 150 million towards 2050 from 120 million today. This, together with improvements in productivity, will drive economic growth. As a result, energy demand is set to increase significantly.

Mining Policy Framework Assessment: Mexico MPF theme Socio-economic benefit optimization Level of progress Medium Strengths • Mining activity is integrated into the local and regional framework: clusters and cluster associations. • To meet the demand for qualified labour, the government,