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They are useful for either high-silica sands (99 % + silica (SiO 2)) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13 % alumina (Al 2 O 3). Generally nonclassical, the test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R 2 O 3 (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of total iron as iron ...