Maize dry milling in the USA only grew at an annual rate of ∼ 1.5% per year during the last several decades, from 2.9 × 10 6 t in 1960 to 3.5 × 10 6 t in 1998. The major advantages of maize dry milling are the lower use of energy in fractionation and lower capital costs as compared to wet milling.