A rotary kiln is a physically large process unit used in cement production where limestone is decomposed into calcium oxide which forms the basis of cement clinker particles under high temperatures. The modelling of rotary kilns are well documented in literature.

 — In cement plants, high temperature heat is released into the atmosphere through exhaust flue gases, radiation and convection heat from hot and exposed surfaces like rotary kiln. A lot has already been explored about recovery of …

2 Methods for waste heat utilization in cement industry. There are several main heat losses generated by the cement kiln installations, which can be efficiently used. These include, in particular: the flue gases from the furnace; hot air from the clinker coolers; radiation from the surface of the rotary kiln.

 — This paper established that the hot waste gases being vented into the atmosphere from the clinkering process at the case study plant have a net potential to generate 2.9 MWh of electrical power from waste heat gas recovery which was sufficient to meet 33% of the plant's electric power demand.

Oxygen Monitoring of Kiln Waste Gases in the Cement Industry AG/AI-015_2 2 Why use O 2 Monitoring in Kiln Gases? The customer needs: To ensure efficient combustion of fuel. To minimize heat loss. To minimize power consumption by ancillary plant. To minimize emissions and enable accurate emissions monitoring.

This study proposes to improve the overall efficiency of the waste heat stepwise efficient recovery and utilization system and investigate the coupling properties of the waste heat recovery and utilization of the rotating kiln with the total output value of the enterprise and the energy consuming carriers.

with the research conducted on directly heated rotary kilns for cement applications, this review extends the scope of application to other fields, including waste, biomass. Graphical abstract

 — In this paper, we present a systematic summary of pyrolysis and incineration of the rotary kiln, system design optimization, flue gas pollutant control, medical waste incineration, and innovative research of rotary kiln.

 — In this study, a cement rotary kiln is taken as centre of discussions where thermodynamics of rotary kiln, energy losses, refractory selection and their impact, temperature profile of rotary kiln with various examples of recovering losses of high kiln shell temperature are investigated.

 — This review presents the feasibility and prospects of using sludge in cement kilns from three aspects: physicochemical properties of three types of sludge, co-processing mechanism of cement kilns, and environmental assessment and …